Electricity, Magnetism, and Light by Wayne Saslow

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Table of Contents

Review/Preview Electricity: Its Uses and Its Visualization

Introduction
Electricity at Home: A Presumed Common Experience
Some Uses of Electrical Power
Electricity from Voltaic Cells: DC Power in an Automobile
Two Practice Exam Questions
The Electric Fluid Model
Answers to the Practice Exam Questions
Beyond the Electric Fluid Model
Review of Vectors in Three Dimensions
Multiplication of Vectors

Chapter 1: A History of Electricity and Magnetism, to Conservation of Charge

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Early History
1.3 Seventeenth-Century Electricity and Magnetism
1.4 Eighteenth-Century Electricity
1.5 Electric Charge Is Conserved: Transfer, but No Creation or Destruction
1.6 Electrostatic Induction
1.7 Modern Views of Charge Conservation
1.8 Charge Quantization
1.9 Adding Up Charge
1.10 Home Experiments (optional)
1.11 Electrical Extras (optional)

Chapter 2: Coulomb’s law for Static Electricity, Principle of Superposition

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Discovering the Laws of Static Electricity
2.3 The Inverse Square Law of Electricity: Coulomb’s Law
2.4 Simple Applications of Coulomb’s Law
2.5 Vectors and the Principle of Superposition
2.6 Use of Symmetry
2.7 Force Due to a Line Charge: Approximate and Integral Calculus Solutions
2.8 Study and Problem Solving Strategy

Chapter 3: The Electric Field

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Obtaining the Electric Field: Experiment
3.3 Obtaining the Electric Field: Theory
3.4 Visualizing the Electric Field: Part 1
3.5 Finding _ E: Principle of Superposition for Discrete Charges
3.6 Finding _ E: Principle of Superposition for Continuous Charge Distributions
3.7 Visualizing the Electric Field: Part 2
3.8 Force, Torque, and Energy of a Dipole in a Uniform Field
3.9 Force on a Dipole in a Nonuniform Field
3.10 Motion of Charges
3.11 The Classical World Is Unstable for Electrical Forces Alone (optional)

Chapter 4: Gauss’s Law: Flux and Charge Are Related

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Motivating Gauss’s Law: Defining Electric Flux _E
4.3 Gauss’s Law
4.4 Computing _E and Then Using Gauss’s Law to Obtain Q enc
4.5 Determining _E by Symmetry: The Three Cases
4.6 Electrical Conductors in Equilibrium
4.7 Just Outside a Uniform Conductor, _Eout ¦n Varies as the Local Surface Charge Density
4.8 Charge Measurement and Faraday’s Ice Pail Experiment
4.9 Proof of Gauss’s Law
4.10 Conductors with Cavities: Electrical Screening (optional)
4.11 Advanced Topics in Conductors and Screening (optional)

Chapter 5: Electrical Potential Energy and Electrical Potential

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Gravitational Potential Energy and Gravitational Potential
5.3 Electrical Potential Energy and Electrical Potential
5.4 Some Applications of Electrical Potential
5.5 Equipotential Surfaces and Electric Fields
5.6 Point Charges: Electrical Potential Energy and Electrical Potential
5.7 Electrical Potential Is Path Independent
5.8 Calculating V from _ E
5.9 V as a Sum over Point Charges (Action-at-a-Distance Viewpoint)
5.10 Calculating _E from V
5.11 Connecting Two Conductors, Charge Redistribution, and the “Power of Points”
5.12 Outside a Nonuniform Conductor, _E Can Have a Parallel Component (optional)

Chapter 6: Capacitance

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Self-Capacitance of an Isolated Conductor
6.3 Two-Plate Capacitors
6.4 Capacitors in Circuits
6.5 Dielectrics
6.6 Electrical Energy
6.7 Force and Energy
6.8 Coefficients of Potential (optional)
6.9 Material Properties of Dielectrics (optional)
6.10 Flux Tubes (optional)

Chaper 7: Ohm’s Law: Electric Current Is Driven by Emf, and Limited by Electrical Resistance

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Electric Current
7.3 Global Form of Ohm’s Law
7.4 Local Form of Ohm’s Law
7.5 Resistors in Series and in Parallel
7.6 Meters: Their Use and Design
7.7 Some Complexities of Voltaic Cells: The Car Battery
7.8 Emf and Ohm’s Law
7.9 Energy Storage by Voltaic Cells
7.10 Voltaic Cells in Simple Circuits
7.11 Drag Force
7.12 Conductivity of Materials—I
7.13 Conductivity of Materials—II (optional)

Chapter 8: Batteries, Kirchhoff’s Rules, and Complex Circuits

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Discovery Must Include Reproducibility: It Need Not Include
Understanding (optional)
8.3 Batteries Are Combinations of Voltaic Cells
8.4 The “Charge” on a Battery, and Its Cost
8.5 Maximizing Power Transfer versus Maximizing Efficiency of Power Transfer
8.6 Kirchhoff’s Rules Tell Us How to Analyze Complex Circuits
8.7 Applications of Kirchhoff’s Rules
8.8 Short- and Long-Time Behavior of Capacitors
8.9 Charging and Discharging: The RC Circuit
8.10 Surface Charge Makes the _E Field That Drives the Current (optional)
8.11 The Bridge Circuit (optional)
8.12 Plasma Oscillations (optional)
8.13 Interlude: Beyond Lumped Circuits (R’s and C’s) (optional)

Chapter 9: The Magnetism of Magnets

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Outside a Magnet We Can Use Magnetic Charge (Poles)
9.3 Magnetization and Magnetic Dipole Moment
9.4 Inside a Magnet There Really Are No Poles
9.5 Types of Magnetic Materials
9.6 Ferromagnetic Materials
9.7 Demagnetization Field _ Hdemag
9.8 How We Know _B Is Truly Fundamental
9.9 Magnetic Oscillations (optional)
9.10 How Permanent Magnets Get Their Permanent (optional)

Chapter 10: How Electric Currents Interact with Magnetic Fields

10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Magnetism of Electric Currents—Amp`ere’s Equivalence
10.3 Some Consequences of Amp`ere’s Equivalence
10.4 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire
10.5 The Force on a Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field
10.6 Applications of the Magnetic Force Law
10.7 The Hall Effect
10.8 On Magnetic Work (optional)

Chapter 11: How Electric Currents Make Magnetic Fields: The Biot–Savart Law and Ampere’s Law

11.1 Introduction
11.2 Magnetic Field of a Current-Carrying Wire
11.3 Derivation of Biot–Savart Law: Field of Current-Carrying Wire
11.4 Applications of the Biot–Savart Law
11.5 Applications of the Principle of Superposition
11.6 Forces on Magnets and Current-Carrying Wires
11.7 Statement of Ampere’s Law
11.8 Derivation of Ampere’s Law for Magnetic Circulation: The Magnetic Shell
11.9 Ampere’s Law Implies That Circulation Yields Current
11.10 Applications of Amp`ere’s Law and Symmetry
11.11 Surface Currents and Perfect Diamagnetism (optional)
11.12 Amperian Surface Currents and Magnets (optional)
11.13 How We Know (optional)
11.14 The Electromagnet (optional)

Chapter 12: Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

12.1 Introduction
12.2 Faraday’s Law
12.3 Faraday’s Experiments
12.4 Lenz’s Law: A Qualitative Statement of Faraday’s Law
12.5 Faraday’s Law—Quantitative
12.6 Mutual Inductance
12.7 Motional EMF
12.8 Michael Faraday Meets Mr. Jenkin
12.9 Mutual Inductance and Self-Inductance
12.10 Calculating Self-Inductance
12.11 Self-Inductance and the LR Circuit
12.12 Magnetic Energy
12.13 EMF and Electric Field Induced by a Solenoid (optional)
12.14 Mr. Jenkin with Self-Inductance (optional)

Chapter 13: Mechanical Implications of Faraday’s Law: Motors and Generators

13.1 How Electricity Became Part of Daily Life (optional)
13.2 Breakthroughs in Efficiency of Motors and Generators
13.3 Simple Model for DC Motor and Generator—The Linear Machine
13.4 Equations Describing the Linear Machine
13.5 Solving the Equations
13.6 Efficiency and Load
13.7 Transients
13.8 Eddy Currents and MAGLEV (optional)

Chapter 14: Alternating Current Phenomena: Signals and Power

14.1 Introduction
14.2 L CResonance
14.3 RL CCircuit Transients
14.4 AC Generator—Rotate Loop in Uniform _ B Field
14.5 Response to AC Power of Circuit Elements—Impedance and Phase
14.6 R Cand LR Series Circuits
14.7 Rectifying and Filtering AC Voltages
14.8 RL CResonance: Tuning AC
14.9 Principles of Amplification (optional)
14.10 Power and Power Factor
14.11 Transforming AC
14.12 Getting DC Force from AC Power (optional)
14.13 Electromagnetic Shielding—Skin Depth (optional)

Chapter 15: Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Radiation

15.1 Introduction
15.2 A Brief History of Communications
15.3 Maxwell’s New Term—The Displacement Current
15.4 Equation of Motion for a String under Tension
15.5 Waves on a String
15.6 Electromagnetic Waves
15.7 The Full Electromagnetic Spectrum
15.8 Electromagnetic Energy and Power Flow
15.9 Momentum of Electromagnetic Radiation, Radiation Pressure
15.10 Index of Refraction and Snell’s Law of Refraction
15.11 Transverse Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation; Polarization
15.12 Microwave Cavities—Standing Waves (optional)
15.13 Wires, Co-axial Cables, and Waveguides—Traveling Waves (optional)
15.14 Hertz’s Studies of Electromagnetic Radiation (optional)
15.15 Supplementary Material (optional)

Chapter 16: Optics

16.1 Introduction
16.2 Interference and Diffraction
16.3 Optics to the End of the 17th Century
16.4 Late 17th-Century Discoveries about Light
16.5 Late 17th-Century Views of Light
16.6 Thomas Young—Interference
16.7 Augustin Fresnel—Theory of Interference and Diffraction Intensity
16.8 Polarization by Crystals (optional)
16.9 Multiple Slits and Diffraction Gratings
16.10 X-Ray Scattering off Crystals

Appendix A General Mathematics Review

A.1 Simple Equations
A.2 Scientific Notation and Powers
A.3 Arc Length and Trigonometry
A.4 Differential Calculus
A.5 Integral Calculus

Appendix B Introduction to Spreadsheets
Appendix C The Periodic Table
Appendix D Solutions to Odd-Numbered Problems